FARMING TECHNOLOGY
DISSOLVED-OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN POND AQUACULTURE
Various studies suggested that maintaining mini daily dissolved-oxygen concentrations above 3 mg/L in channel catfish and Penaeus Vannamei shrimp ponds assures better feed consumption and growth than possible in ponds with lower concentrations. It is not clear how feed conversion is affected by low early-morning dissolved-oxygen levels. Tilapia tolerate lower dissolved- oxygen levels than catfish and shrimp, but concentrations should not fall below 1 mg/L in tilapia ponds.
Low dissolved-oxygen concentration is recognized as a major cause of stress, poor appetite, slow growth, disease susceptibility and mortality in aquaculture animals. It is generally accepted that the daily dissolved-oxygen concentration in pond culture systems is of greatest concern.
Dissolved-oxygen levels can be high during most of a 24-hour period, but the response of culture species appears to be affected primarily by the lowest dissolved oxygen concentration during the night. Nevertheless, accepted mini dissolved oxygen criteria for warm water aquaculture species have not been developed.
Considerable data are available on the effects of dissolved-oxygen concentration on warm water culture species, especially channel catfish, Penaeus Vannamei shrimp and tilapia. For example, a literature review conducted by scientists of the United States Environmental Protection Agency considered the growth of fish at different daily dissolved-oxygen concentrations.
The review indicated that at concentrations below 50% of saturation, growth rates declined and became progressively less as the mini dissolved-oxygen concentrations decreased. At a water temperature of 26° C, freshwater at 50% oxygen saturation contains about 4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. This concentration is probably higher than realistically can be maintained in the early morning in most warm water aquaculture ponds.
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